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The AI design features unusual and efficient, circuity patterns. Credit: Tori Repp/Fotobuddy
Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing wireless chip design by drastically reducing costs and cutting design times from weeks to hours.
But there’s more: the AI produces unconventional, highly efficient designs that outperform traditional methods. Remarkably, these designs are so complex and unintuitive that human engineers can’t fully understand them. By unlocking new possibilities in performance and efficiency, AI isn’t just speeding up the process — it’s reshaping what’s possible in wireless technology.
Revolutionizing Microchip Design with AI
Specialized microchips, the backbone of cutting-edge wireless technology, are marvels of miniaturization and engineering. However, designing these chips is a complex and costly process.
Researchers from Princeton Engineering and the Indian Institute of Technology have developed a breakthrough approach using artificial intelligence to dramatically reduce the time and expense of chip design. This innovation also opens the door to new functionalities that can address the growing demand for faster and more efficient wireless performance. In a study published on December 30 in Nature Communications, the team details how their AI system generates intricate electromagnetic structures and circuits based on specific design parameters. Tasks that once required weeks of expert effort can now be completed in mere hours.
AI designed chip in a lab at Princeton University. Credit: Tori Repp/Fotobuddy
Unconventional AI-Generated Designs
Interestingly, the AI often creates unconventional designs with unexpected circuitry patterns. According to lead researcher Kaushik Sengupta, these designs are not only unintuitive for humans but also consistently outperform traditional chip designs, showcasing significant advancements in performance.
“We are coming up with structures that are complex and look random shaped and when connected with circuits, they create previously unachievable performance. Humans cannot really understand them, but they can work better,” said Sengupta, a professor of electrical and computer engineering and co-director of NextG, Princeton’s industry partnership program to develop next-generation communications.
Expanding Wireless Chip Capabilities
These circuits can be engineered towards more energy-efficient operation or to make them operable across an enormous frequency range that is not currently possible. Furthermore, the method synthesizes inherently complex structures in minutes, while conventional algorithms may take weeks. In some cases, the new methodology can create structures that are impossible to synthesize with current techniques.
Uday Khankhoje, a co-author and associate professor of electrical engineering at IIT Madras, said the new technique not only delivers efficiency but promises to unlock new approaches to design challenges that have been beyond the capability of engineers.
“This work presents a compelling vision of the future,” he said. “AI powers not just the acceleration of time-consuming electromagnetic simulations, but also enables exploration into a hitherto unexplored design space and delivers stunning high-performance devices that run counter to the usual rules of thumb and human intuition.”
The AI design features unusual, and efficient, circuity patterns. Photo by Emir Ali Karahan, Princeton University. Credit: Emir Ali Karahan, Princeton University
The Future of Wireless Chip Design
Wireless chips are a combination of standard electronic circuits like those in computer chips and electromagnetic structures including antennas, resonators, signal splitters, combiners, and others. These combinations of elements are put together in every circuit block, carefully handcrafted, and co-designed to operate optimally. This method is then scaled to other circuits, sub-systems, and systems, making the design process extremely complex and time-consuming, particularly for modern, high-performance chips behind applications like wireless communication, autonomous driving, radar, and gesture recognition.
“Classical designs, carefully, put these circuits and electromagnetic elements together, piece by piece, so that the signal flows in the way we want it to flow in the chip. By changing those structures, we incorporate new properties,” Sengupta said. “Before, we had a finite way of doing this, but now the options are much larger.”
AI and the Infinite Design Space
It can be hard to comprehend the vastness of a wireless chip’s design space. The circuitry in an advanced chip is so small, and the geometry so detailed, that the number of possible configurations for a chip exceeds the number of atoms in the universe, Sengupta said. There is no way for a person to understand that level of complexity, so human designers don’t try. They build chips from the bottom up, adding components as needed and adjusting the design as they build.
Professor Kaushik Sengupta, left, and first author Emir Ali Karahan, a gradate student in electrical and computer engineering. Credit: Tori Repp/Fotobuddy
AI’s Distinct Design Approach
The AI approaches the challenge from a different perspective, Sengupta said. It views the chip as a single artifact. This can lead to strange, but effective arrangements. He said humans play a critical role in the AI system, in part because that AI can make faulty arrangements as well as efficient ones. It is possible for AI to hallucinate elements that don’t work, at least for now. This requires some level of human oversight.
“There are pitfalls that still require human designers to correct,” Sengupta said. “The point is not to replace human designers with tools. The point is to enhance productivity with new tools. The human mind is best utilized to create or invent new things, and the more mundane, utilitarian work can be offloaded to these tools.”
The Next Frontier in Wireless Chip Research
The researchers have used AI to discover and design complex electromagnetic structures that are co-designed with circuits to create broadband amplifiers. Sengupta said future research will involve linking multiple structures and designing entire wireless chips with the AI system.
“Now that this has shown promise, there is a larger effort to think about more complicated systems and designs,” he said. “This is just the tip of the iceberg in terms of what the future holds for the field.”
Reference: “Deep-learning enabled generalized inverse design of multi-port radio-frequency and sub-terahertz passives and integrated circuits” by Emir Ali Karahan, Zheng Liu, Aggraj Gupta, Zijian Shao, Jonathan Zhou, Uday Khankhoje and Kaushik Sengupta, 30 December 2024, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54178-1
The article, Deep-learning Enabled Generalized Inverse Design of Multi-Port Radio-frequency and Sub-Terahertz Passives and Integrated Circuits, was published Dec. 30, 2024 in the journal Nature Communications. Besides Sengupta, authors included, Emir Ali Karahan, the lead author and a graduate student at Princeton; Zheng Liu, Zijian Shao and Jonathan Zhou, of Princeton; Aggraj Gupta and Uday Khankhoje, of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. Support for the research was provided in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, the Office of Naval Research, Princeton Research Computing and M. S. Chadha Center for Global India at Princeton University.
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