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As Europeans scramble to stay cool amid a record-breaking heatwave, Big Tech faces its own battle to keep the powerful chips in AI data centers running.
Temperatures this week have underscored the impact the weather can have on infrastructure like factories, nuclear power plants and data centers. Extra demand from air conditioning units can overload power grids, causing blackouts that can disrupt infrastructure. And it’s not just in Europe.
Over the past three years, severe weather has become the leading cause of loss in Zurich’s U.S. data center builders’ risk portfolio. It now drives a third of the company’s losses, Zurich’s Head of International Construction Patrick McBride, told CNBC.
Severe weather is no longer something that can be treated as a background exposure.Patrick McBrideHead of International Construction at Zurich
Many data centers are moving to suburban or rural areas where land is cheaper and records of extreme weather were often limited because the areas were largely underdeveloped, he said. “Now we have $3 billion worth of assets with over a mile worth of exposure to these events.”
Why insurers are watching climate risk
A recent study by climate risk analytics firm First Street found that 79% of global data center capacity faces elevated risks from acute climate hazards such as flooding, extreme winds, and wildfires that can disrupt operations, increase downtime and drive insurance and repair costs.
Nearly 80% of data center capacity is at elevated risk to climate hazards like flooding and fire, study says
“It’s not a matter of ‘if’ climate risks will impact the digital infrastructure revolution,” Joe Macejak, U.S. property digital infrastructure leader at Marsh Risk, told CNBC. “But rather how clients and stakeholders in the digital infrastructure industry identify, quantify, and manage these climate risks within their respective tolerances.”
If they don’t manage these risks, businesses could face higher costs and operational shortfalls —which “pose a threat to the capital stacks that are fueling the AI-driven data center revolution,” Macejak added.
Where new data centers face severe weather risks
This year, 64% of data center capacity under construction is outside traditional hubs such as Northern Virginia and moving into so-called frontier markets, such as West Texas, Tennessee, Wisconsin and Ohio, Zurich’s McBride said. He added that facilities in these areas can face heightened risk of “tornadoes, hail and high winds wreaking havoc on vast roofs that have exposed HVAC [heating and cooling systems], cooling towers and energy installations like solar.”
McBride gave Brazil as an example of an emerging data center market that might face heat challenges. Meanwhile, in Europe, data centers are migrating to areas like the Iberian Peninsula, where temperatures are also rising.
“Severe weather is no longer something that can be treated as a background exposure,” McBride said. “It is one of the first things we and the owners we work with look at.”
It’s not just the data center that could be impacted by extreme heat.
“Extreme heat stresses data centers and the grid they rely on at the same time,” Mishal Thadani, CEO and co-founder of AI software platform Rhizome, said. The company uses models to help utilities identify vulnerabilities from climate threats.
Cooling makes up around 40% of data centers’ energy use even at normal temperature, and this rises in extreme heat, just when air conditioning is driving up demand for the power grid, Thadani said. “Data centers need the most energy exactly when the grid has the least available to give.”
He provided the example of the Italian city of Turin that saw highs of around 38 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahreheinheit) in May. The heatwave put the city’s underground cables under thermal stress, and it caused repeated blackouts, Thadani said.
“Now add facilities that each pull as much power as a hundred thousand homes. The heat and the load hit the same wires at the same time. Data center load can be curtailed during the worst hours, but most planning models still don’t account for how much more often extreme heat is coming,” Thadani added.
How operators are adapting data center design
Microsoft, one of the hyperscalers leading the data-center buildout, told CNBC that it is preparing for changing conditions.
Microsoft designs its data centers to operate “reliably in a wide range of environmental conditions, with site selection, redundant systems, and real-time monitoring helping manage risks from extreme heat and severe weather,” a spokesperson told CNBC on Thursday.
Tech giant Nvidia said last week that its new AI servers can run their cooling liquid at 45 degrees Celsius, up from previously lower temperatures. Raising chiller temperatures by just one degree can cut cooling energy costs by about 4%, Nvidia said.
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These developments are driving technology forward for all participants in the sector, said Aaron Lewis, chief commercial officer of global data center solutions at HVAC company, Johnson Controls. The company already tests data-center cooling equipment to ensure it can withstand various temperatures.
Lewis said that recently, for the first time, he saw a client in Europe add a “climate change factor” in the specification, so their data centers are designed for temperature rises.
Ultimately, the market will end up with a “diverse set of systems and applications, and as the technologies continue to evolve, we’re finding ways to transfer the heat more effectively. The pace of innovation driven by the data center boom is going to allow us to operate under some of these conditions far into the future,” Lewis told CNBC.
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